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Conjunctivitis, often referred to as pink eye, is a common eye condition characterised by the inflammation of the conjunctiva —the transparent membrane that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inner eyelid. This inflammation can result from bacterial or viral infections, allergies, or irritants, leading to symptoms like redness, irritation, and discharge. Particularly prevalent among children, conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes and is sometimes called "sticky eye" due to the discharge that often causes the eyelids to stick together, especially upon waking.

Causes of Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis can be classified into three main types based on its cause:

  1. Bacterial Conjunctivitis:

    • Caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae.
    • Common symptoms include a sticky, yellow, or green discharge that can crust over the eyelashes, particularly after sleep.
    • It is highly contagious and can easily spread through direct contact with infected discharge or contaminated surfaces.

  2. Viral Conjunctivitis:

    • Often linked to viruses that cause the common cold, such as adenovirus.
    • Symptoms include watery discharge, redness, and sensitivity to light. It may start in one eye and spread to the other.
    • Viral conjunctivitis is also highly contagious and can spread through respiratory droplets, direct contact, or touching contaminated surfaces.

  3. Allergic Conjunctivitis:

    • Triggered by allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander.
    • Symptoms include itchy, watery eyes, redness, and swelling of the eyelids.
    • Unlike bacterial and viral conjunctivitis, allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious.

Symptoms of Conjunctivitis

The symptoms of conjunctivitis can vary depending on the cause but generally include:

  • Redness in the white of the eye or inner eyelid
  • Itchy or gritty sensation in the eye
  • Increased tearing
  • Discharge that may be clear, yellow, green, or white
  • Crusting of the eyelids or eyelashes, especially in the morning
  • Swollen eyelids
  • Sensitivity to light

When to See a Doctor

While conjunctivitis often resolves on its own, certain symptoms warrant a visit to a healthcare provider:

  • Infants under six weeks old: Newborns with conjunctivitis require immediate medical attention as the condition could be caused by bacteria from the birth canal, which can be serious.
  • Moderate to severe eye pain
  • Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
  • Blurry or reduced vision
  • Eye injury: If conjunctivitis follows an injury, such as a scratch or chemical exposure.
  • Fever and general unwellness: Accompanying symptoms of illness may indicate a more serious infection.

 

Treatment of Conjunctivitis

Treatment varies depending on the type of conjunctivitis:

  1. Bacterial Conjunctivitis:

    • Mild cases may resolve on their own in a week.
    • Antibiotic eye drops or ointments can be prescribed to speed up recovery and reduce the risk of spreading the infection.

  2. Viral Conjunctivitis:

    • There is no specific treatment; it typically resolves on its own within a few weeks.
    • Artificial tears and cold compresses can help alleviate discomfort.
    • Good hygiene practices are crucial to prevent spreading the infection.

  3. Allergic Conjunctivitis:

    • Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with antihistamine eye drops or oral antihistamines.
    • Avoiding the allergen is the most effective way to prevent symptoms.

Home Care for Conjunctivitis

You can manage and relieve the symptoms of conjunctivitis at home with the following tips:

  • Clear Discharge: Gently clean away discharge using a cotton ball soaked in warm water. Wipe from the inside corner to the outside and use a separate cotton ball for each eye.
  • Cold Compress: Place a clean, cold cloth over the eyes to reduce swelling and irritation.
  • Good Hygiene: Wash hands frequently, avoid touching or rubbing the eyes, and do not share towels or pillowcases.

 

Preventing the Spread of Conjunctivitis

To prevent the spread of conjunctivitis, especially the infectious types:

  • Wash hands thoroughly and frequently.
  • Avoid touching or rubbing your eyes.
  • Do not share personal items like towels, facecloths, or makeup.
  • If you wear contact lenses, discontinue use until the infection clears and clean your lenses thoroughly before reusing them.

 

Special Considerations for Children

Children with infectious conjunctivitis should be kept home from school or daycare until their eyes are no longer sticky or weeping, as the condition is highly contagious. If your child’s symptoms persist or worsen, seek medical advice.

Conjunctivitis, though common and often mild, can cause significant discomfort and is highly contagious in its bacterial and viral forms. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatments and practising good hygiene, you can manage conjunctivitis effectively and prevent its spread. Consult your healthcare provider for appropriate care if you have concerns, especially with young children or severe symptoms. Your friendly pharmacist can help with advice and products to help with conjunctivitis.

 

Disclaimer: This article provides general information only. It is not intended as medical or health advice and should not be relied on as a substitute for consultation with a qualified healthcare professional who understands your individual medical needs.